Figure 1: Inside and outside the international humanitarian system – the entities involved in humanitarian action

Box A: The SOHS performance criteria, adapted for use from the OECD-DAC criteria used in humanitarian settings (ALNAP/Beck, 2006)

Figure 2: Global frequency of climate-related disasters, 2017–2021

Figure 3: Number of people forcibly displaced, 2011–2021 36

Figure 4: Total international humanitarian assistance, 2012–2021

Figure 5: Proportions of total international humanitarian assistance provided by the five largest donors and all other donors, 2018–2022

Figure 6: International humanitarian assistance provided by largest donor countries, 2018–2021

Figure 7: Proportion of international humanitarian assistance provided by private sector and private donations, 2018–2020

Figure 8: Estimated number of humanitarian organisations, 2021

Figure 9: Channels of delivery of international humanitarian assistance from public donors, 2012–2021

Figure 10: Concentration of funding received by agencies from institutional donors, 2018–2021

Figure 11: Humanitarian expenditure by organisation type, 2018–2020

Figure 12: In-country humanitarian personnel, by organisation type, 2010–2020

Figure 13: In-country humanitarian personnel, national and international staff, 2020

Figure 14: Humanitarian expenditure by organisation type, 2020

Figure 15: In-country humanitarian staff by organisation type, 2020

Figure 16: International humanitarian assistance received, by agency type, 2021

Figure 17: Size of humanitarian financial flows compared to other significant financial flows in case-study countries, 2018–2021

Figure 18: Insights from entities who also play a role in humanitarian response

Figure 19: Estimates of remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries, 2018–2021

Figure 20: Requirements and funding, UN-coordinated appeals, 2012–2021

Figure 21: Number of people in need, 2018–2021

Figure 22: Requirements and funding per targeted person in UN-coordinated appeals, 2017–2021

Figure 23: Requirements and funding by individual UN-coordinated appeals, 2021

Figure 24: Share of international humanitarian assistance to top five recipient countries

Figure 25: Levels of met and unmet for countries with 10 consecutive years of appeals, 2012–2021

Figure 26: Requirements and funding by sector, 2018–2021

Figure 27: Number of people in need targeted and reached in UN-coordinated appeals, 2021

Figure 28: Victims of attacks on aid workers, 2015–2020

Figure 29: National and international victims of attacks on aid workers, 2015–2020

Figure 30: Victims of attacks on aid workers by country, 2015–2022

Box B: Corruption in rapid response programming in DRC

Box C: Internal displacement

Figure 31: Funding for humanitarian cash and voucher assistance, 2018–2021

Figure 32: Cash and voucher assistance as a proportion of total international humanitarian assistance, 2018–2021

Box D: Growth in cash and voucher assistance

Figure 33: Largest donors to disaster risk reduction and preparedness, 2018–2020

Box E: Digital do no harm

Box F: Doing no harm in Afghanistan

Box G: The ladder of engagement/participation

Figure 34: Direct international funding to national and local actors, 2018–2021

Figure 35: Proportion of direct funding to national and local actors compared with other organisation types, 2018–2021

Figure 36: Total direct and indirect funding to national and local NGOs, 2018–2021

Figure 37: International humanitarian assistance to local and national actors by country, 2018–2021

Figure 38: International humanitarian assistance to local and national actors by cluster, in millions USD, 2018–2021

Box H: COVID-19 – A missed opportunity

Box I: Locally led humanitarian action in Somalia

Box J: Locally led humanitarian action in Turkey

Box K: Defining efficiency in humanitarian interventions

Figure 39: Requirements per person targeted and funding per person reached in UN-coordinated appeals by country, 2021

Box L: The Dioptra tool and consistent humanitarian efficiency data

Figure 40: Unearmarked funding to UN agencies, 2018–2021

Box M: The impact of innovation on humanitarian performance

Box N: Humanitarian principles and the challenge of interpretation

Box O: Humanitarian principles and the nexus

Box P: Nexus approaches in the COVID-19 response – social protection